Notes on the Language of the Dvavimsatya

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NOTES ON THE LANGUAGE OF THE DVAVIMSATYAVADANAKATHA

BY R. L. TURNER
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of
Great Britain and Ireland
p. 289-304

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p. 289

The Dvaavi.m`satyavadaanakathaa is a compilation of
Buddhist Birth-stories of comparatively late origin.
Much of it, particularly of the prose portions, was
borrowed from the Avadaana`sataka at a time when the
MSS. of that work were already faulty. The recension
of the Avadaana`sataka from which the author of the
Dva. took his material, was that to which Speyer's
MS. D belonged. The language in which it is written
resembles that of most of the Northern Buddhist texts
in particular the Vicitrakar^nikaavadaana-that is to
say, a kind of popularly developed Sanskrit, which
shows for the most part the same line of growth as
that followed by the Prakrit dialects many centuries
before. The solution of the history of this dialect,
and of the question whether, as is probable, it was
only a written language, depends on the collection
of more material. Below I give a detailed list of
the points in which the Sanskrit of the Dvaa. differs
form classical Sanskrit both in forms, in syntax, and
vocabulary. It is possible that scribal errors may be
responsible for some of the forms. Few of them are
invariable, most are found side by side with their
classical equivalents. It will be seen that the
majority of the forms and constructions can be
paralleled from Pali and the Prakrits. The figures
placed in brackets after forms show the number of
times they occur in the text.

p. 290

PHONOLOGY

1. Orthography. -- None of the MSS. are probably
older than the eighteenth century. All interior
nasals are usually written with .m; preconsonantal -m
is seldom assimilated; -n of the loc. sing. of
pronouns is usually written -.m, e.g. tasmi.m; -tva-
for -ttva,- e.g. satva chitvaa for sattva chittvaa;
-jva- for -jjva-, e.g. ujvala rajvaa for ujjvala
rajjva; any consonant after r is doubled, e.g.
dharmma antarddhaapita sa.mtarppita; there is no
distinction made between u and uu, b and v, .s.t and
.s.th; there is occasional confusion between v and bh,
st and sth, .s and s and kh, `s, r and l.

2. Sandhi.---The sandhi of consonants is for the
most part regular. In nine cases the forms are left
unaltered: -t m-, -an a-, -t C-, -t p-, -t bh-, -t
`s-, -t a-; while final -s is eighteen times treated
irregularly: -as a- > -a a- (10), -sk- >-ok-(2),
-asp- > -o p-, -as s- > -o s- (2), -us a- > -u.h a-,
-as c->-a.h c-, and -aa .r->-aar- (2). Double sandhi
occurs fifteen times: -as u- > -oo- (2), -as e- >
-aai- (3), -aas a- >-aa- (3), -aas aa- > -aa-, -iis i->
-ii-, -e a- > -aa-, -e i- > -ee-(2), -e e- >-aai-, -au
u->-aau-. The cases in which sandhi takes place and
those in which hiatus is left are in the proportion
of 7:2, reduced in the case where the final vowel is
aa or ii to 1:4. The oldest MS. occasionally has -ar a-
from -as a-.The sandhi consonant m is used nine
times: e.g. nirdi`syam iti for nirdi`syeti, aabhoga.h
kara.niiyam iti for kara.niiya iti.

3. Prosody.-- -a.m, though followed by a
consonant, is short; the examples are (a) in the
fifth syllable of the `sloka (15) , (b) in the
thirteenth (12), of which nine rest upon conjecture,
(c) in the sixth syllable of indravajra (conjecture).
-a.h, though followed by a consonant, is short
(2). A short final vowel, whether of a single word or
of a member of a compound, remains short before
two consonants: before j~n (2), dv, pr (2), vy, `sr
(3), sn. -am is elided before a vowel
(4); -am is long before a vowel (2). aya and ava
are scanned as one long.

p. 291

MORPHOLOGY
Nouns

1. Declension. -- a-stems: nom.p.n. in aa, e.g.
karmaani--sukaraa, ratnaani ca samaahulaa (end of a
`sloka) (8); ab.p. -ehi in naarakehi; some adjectives
form the feminine in -aa instead of -ii, e.g. v.rkaa for
v.rkii, -mukhaa for -mukhii.

i-stems: acc.p.f. -ayas in dundubhayah; n.s.n.
-i.m in udaapanaakadi.m.

u-stems: nom.s.n. -u.m in bahu.m, ripu.m.
r-stems: acc.s.m. -aa.m .m bharttaa.m.
j-stems: nom.s.m. -raat from -raaj(3).
s-stems: loc.p. -u.su in vapu.su.

in-stems: nom.s.m. -is in apakaarih aparaadhi.h
cakravartti.h `sre.s.thi.h, -iis in cakravarttiih; nom.s.f.
-ii in ke`sii vaasii vistaarii vratii.

at-stems: nom.s.m. -antas in kiirttivanta.h;
nom.s.n. -antam in mahaantam sarvaavantam; voc.s.m. -aan
in bhavaan(2).

yas-stems: nom.s.n. -yasam in gariiyasam `sreyasam.
an-stems: nom.s.n. -am in karmma.m naamam prema.m;
nom.p.m. -anas in -aatmana.h.

2. Gender..--a-stems: n. for m. anuraaga amoda
artha aarambha aaraama utpaata utsaaha udaya (2) udbhava
udyoga upasa.mhaara ullola kaala ko`sa guna candra
dharma(2) parvata praa.na bhoga moksa (2) moda rasa
laabha. (2) lobha var.sa (3) `sara `soka sa.msaara (3)
sa.mskaara(2) sa.mcaya sa.mcaara satkaara (2) samaya (2)
samudaya sambhava stuupa (4) svaada; m. for n. nak.satra
yojanu va~ncan sa.mka.ta; m. for f. pravrajya praasaadika
maryyaada vartta sthuu.na; f. for m. ka.n.tkakaa
sammaarjjanaa.

i-stems: m. for f. diipti prakrti raatri; n. for f.
d.r.sti (2).

u-stems: f. for m. dhaatu (3); n. for m. ripu.
an-stems: m. for n. parvas for parva.

3. Formation of Stem. -- New forms without
alteration of meaning are made by the use of
additional suffixes: -a,

p. 292

arci.sa cetasa (2) -chida? patnyaa (for patnii) par.sada
ma.ndalina rogina va.nija (7) vaaca (3); -ka, aparaadhaku
arthaka avata.msaka avadaanaka(2) asaaraka .rddhika ekika
ka.tuka gaamika caaturdviipaka cittaka tulyaka pakssika
pragalbhika maanusikii maargaka vastuka samsaarika; -tva,
k.sayatva manu.syatva; -na, adhivaasana; -ya, bhaik.sya
vinodya dhairyya; -in, ka.s.tin sa.mmukhin; -bhuta,
manu.syabhuuta var.sabhuuta svacchabhuuta hetubhuuta (2).

The v.rddhied form is used in the same sense as
the simple: kau`sala caaturdviipaka jaanapada
taathaagata(2) daaridra(2) dhairya bauddha (5) braahman
bhaik.suka maanu.sya maandaarava laukika vaacas (2)
saamartha.

Pronouns

ta.m for tad (3), ima.m for idam (3), ya.m for yad,
aya.m and imaa for iyam. The loc.s.m. and n. is usually
written -i.m.

Numerals

catvara-for catur-, traayatri.m`sa "30", traya.h`sata
"300".
Adverbs

atre, paratre, for -tra, tatas, " there"; idam,
"hither"; tasmi.m, "here."

Particles
pi for api.

Verbs

1. Formation of Present Stem.--Simple:
jvaalat:jval, dadati(2) dadanti dada pradadasva:daa,
avadhiiryyatha: ? dh.r, bhindanti: bhid, nivaasata:vas,
vi.skambhamaana.m: skambh, krameya.m sa.mkrameya.m
upasa.mkrameyam: kram, prabudhyati:budh. Causative:
adhiiryyayati: adhi .r, kaaraapayitavyaah, : k.r,
pratiniv.rttayati: v.rt, samuttejayati: tij,
vaijayanti: vij. Desiderative: jij~naasayeya.m,
miimaa.msayeyam. Denominative: guptayan, "hide";
aaraagayeya.m, "love"; viraagayeya.m, "dislike."

2. Finite Forms. -- Imperfect, unaugmented forms:
caran prakraamat. Imperative: 2 p. avadhiiryyatha

p. 293

`s.r.notha (2). Optative: pradeyu.h from daa. Future:
rak.syati for rak.si.syati. Perfect: dadar`sur, cakaarayaam
aasuh, paramaprasaadayamn aasa, vidadhaamata, 3 p.
perfect, from dhaa. Aorist: a`sro.siit always for
a`srau.siit. Precative: bhuuyaam for bhuuyaasam. The
passive has active terminations: bhidyati parimucyema.h
pratapyati.

3. Infinite Forms.--Indeclinable part.: pra`saantya
from `sam; in -ya with the simple root, k.rtya g.rhya
cintya (3) sm.rtya; in -tvaa with the compounded root,
abhivanditvaa prativanditvaa. Pres. part.: j~naanan from
j~naa. Gerundive:`slaaghyaniiya from `slaagh,
prayacchitavya vyaayacchatavya from yam. Past part.
pass.: p.rcchita (2) from prach; bhagnita from bha~nj,
apaharita praharita from h.r. The infinitive of
causatives ends in -itu.m:dar`situ.m maanitum pratinivrttitum.

COMPOSITION

1. The first member is formed by nom.p.n. (3),
e.g. kara.naanik.sayo bhavi.syatiti; by sa- (3), e.g.
saraajad.r.sta- maatre.na --`subhaangaa bhavanti, "their
limbs were made clean just at the sight of the king",
by saa- (2), e.g. saapaanapradaayikaadevakanyaayaa etad
abhavat, "this occurred to the divine maiden who had
made a present of drink"; by sai.sa-, sai.sakapota.m
tulayitvaa, "weighing this dove"; by ka`scid- (4), e.g.
tata.h ka`scidvar.saantare gate saa --, "then an interval
of some years having passed she --"; by ki~ncid-,
ki~ncitkaaryyakarmmaa.ni, "some duties"; by a feminine
adjective in -aa or -ii. (5) , e.g.
paanapradaayikaakanyaayaa.h,iid.rsiimaatari; by the nom.s.m.,
saraajaad.r.stamaatre.na, bhraataaviyoge, "separation from
his brother "; Vapu.smaanavadaanaka.m, "the avadaana of
Vapu.smat."

2. The last member is formed by iti,
Ratnamatitiikhyaatavaan, "named Ratnamati"; by -raajaa,
mandalina-raajaa, "petty chieftain": by upari,
simhaasanopari, "on the throne"; by a numeral,
anyatamaa.s.tau, "8." Final -as becomes -a, prabhaatamana
varjitamana Suddhaceta.

p. 294

3. The instrumental of sa- ("with") compounds is
used instead of the inst. of the simple noun (4),
e.g. sasa.mghena for sa.mghena or sasa.mgha.h. Cf.
the use of `siilayuktena for `siilayukta.h, dayaayuktai.h
for dayaayukta.h, and, lastly, k.sayitasakalu.sa.h for
k.sayitakalu.sah.

4. Split compounds are common, e.g. sarvair
gu.naalamk.rta.h, "adorned with all virtues."

5.Copulative compounds.--(a) Form: Brahmendrarudra.m
for -rudraah.

(b) Adjectival copulatives are freely used (17),
e.g. puujyamaanyaabhivandya, "to be revered, honoured,
and esteemed''; pra`saantakalikalaha.dimba.dambarataskaro
gaapagata`saaliik.sugomahi.siisampanna.m nagara.m, "a city
free from fighting, brawling, strife, and quarrels,
without diseases or robbers, provided with rice and
sugar-canes, cows, and buffaloes."

6. Dependent compounds.--(a) The qualifying
member comes second: (i) e.g. paadakha~nja, "a lame
foot"; putrasahasrai.h, "with a thousand sons," etc.
(10) ; (ii ) in personal names(28) , e.g.
Sautiir.nava.nija.h, "the merchant Sautiirna",
K.sema.mkarasamyaksambuddhasya, "the perfect Buddha
K.sema.mkara."

(b) The compound is used to express accompanying
circumstances: (i) in the instrumental (II), e.g.
sa-- prasaadajaatena--prakraanta.h, "he went forth with
joy born in him"; (ii) in the locative(4), e.g.
`srutvaa ca prasaado bhavati prasaadajaate tathaa
karisyati, "having heard, joy arises in him; when joy
arises, he will do thus." Compare the frequent use of
the neuter adjective as a noun.

7. Descriptive compounds.--(a) The qualifying
member comes second (23), e.g. prasaadajaata, "having
joy born in one; paraarthak.rta, "having performed a
favour for another."

(b) (i) The masc. sing. of a dependent descriptive is

p. 295

equivalent to a noun (6), e.g.vikalendriya.h =
vikalendriyaani; ku.sthaavi.s.ta`sariiraka.h,"a
leprous body ": (ii)(e)tad as the first member
means "this" (2), e.g. etatsa.mk.sepatah,
"from this summary."

SYNTAX
Nouns

I. Cases.--Accusative: (a) adverbial (4), e.g. sa
p.rthiviim aka.ntam--adhyaa`sayati, "he rules the earth
with mercy" (6) of respect, expressing a more or less
vague connection with the subject(8), e.g. sa --naavam
bhagniibhuutvaa--kaalam gata.h, "being shipwrecked he
died "; athaapi na ka`scit paritraa.nam bhavati, "then
there was no one to help" (c) governed by a noun
(common), e.g. Bhagavantam arcanaartha.m, "to do honour
to Bhagavat"; rohanaac campaka.m pu.spa.m, "from the
growth of the campaka flower."

Instrumental: (a) = ablative, e.g. vyutthaaya
samaadhinaa, "standing up out of his trance";tadaa
kenaapi kathyamaanena `sruta.m, "it was heard from one
speaking." (b)= the locative (2), e.g. pitur vaaca.h
`sirasaa nidhaaya, "placing his father's commands on his
head."

Ablative: this case is common with saha-
compounds in the sense " as soon as ", e.g.
sahadar`sanaac ca Bhagavata.h paadaabhivandana.m k.rtvaa,
"worshipping Bhagavat's feet as soon as he saw him."

Genitive = dative after verbs of saying (common),
'e.g. Bhagavaan tasyaaitad avocat, "Bhagavat said to him."

Locative: (a)= dative after verbs of saying, etc.
(7), e.g. tvayi ucyataam, " let it be told to thee";
raajaa tvayi nimantra.na.m pre.sita.h, "the king has sent
you an invitation "; (b) = the ablative (4), e.g.
kathaam--`srutaam me maatari kvacit, "a tale once heard
by me, from my mother ";Tathaagate--vyaakara.nam
pratilabheya.m, " may I receive a prophecy from the
Tathaagata."

2.Number.--(a) The plural is used in place of
the dual (2), e.g. asmaaka.m for aavayo.h.

p. 296

(b) The plural of abstract words is used instead
of the singular (6), e.g. sthiti.h p.rthivyaa.h khalu
eva satyai.h,"the earth stands by truth"; j~naanair
vihiinah, "bereft of knowledge."

(c) The plural of instrumentals of manner is used
instead of the singular (8),e,g.saadaraih vi`se.sai.h
for saadare.na vi`se.sena.

(d) Concord is neglected (2), e.g. kasmaicid
bhik.saarthikebhyo daana.m daatum icchaami,"I wish to give
a gift to some people needing alms."

3. Gender.--(a) Concord is neglected (5), e.g.
v.rk.sam utthito gata.h, "the tree rose up and walked";
striyau sthitau, "two women were there."

(b) The neuter of the adjective is used as a noun
(48), e.g. svena ca gu.nalabdhaaya, "in order to gain
virtue for himself"; saa prabudhyati mahaadbhuta.m ca
sampraaptaa, "she awoke and fell into great astonishment";
viva`saat, " because of independence"; punar api
tasyaah ko.sthaagaare naanaala.mkaaraparipuur.n.nani
bhavanti, "there is a superfluity of ornaments in her
chamber."

Pronouns

1. nau, me, vo are used as the first word in a
sentence.
2. The relative is attracted to the case of the
correlative, and the correlative is omitted (3), e.g.
ye.saam unnatacittaana.m maanadarppamadaprahaa.naartha.m
par.sadbhyo dharmma.m de`sitavaan=ya unnatacittaas
te.saam--ye.saam annavihiinaana.m sarvadharmma.m
vi.siidati=ye 'nnavihiinaas te.saa.m-

Particles

uta = and, e.g. Brahmaa sahaampati.h `Sakro devendra
uta catvaaro lokapaalaah.

ca: (a) is placed between the two words or
phrases joined (28) , e.g. saa raajadhaanii
tiirthikaavastabdhaa caa`sro.siid raajaa, etc.; praasaado
parinyastah| caak.saraa.ni likitaani, etc.; eva.m bhik.savo
maa.m yuuya.m Tathaagata.m manasaa ca

p. 297

vaadeena sa.mudaacaritavya.m. (b) It connects the members
of a copulative compound (6) , e.g. atha khalu
abhiruupadar`saniiyapraasaadika.m ca d.r.stvaa Bhagavantam
evam uucu.h; sarva.m hi artham aticancalabhangura.m ca
(vasantatilakaa metre). (c) It is a slightly emphatic
particle or a mere expletive (48), e.g. evam ukte
'tha Bhagavaal lokaanaam vismayaaya ca | nimittam naikam
akarot tuu.s.nii.m bhuutvaatra ti.s.thati || and ku`sala.m
tava raajendru baahyaabhyantaram eva ca.

maa=na, e.g. siddhaani sarvakaaryya.ni maa
ka`scidrujayaa vapu.h, "all his duties are performed;
his body is not afflicted by any disease."

vaa=eva (2), e.g. kasmai saadhayate dravya.m putro
vaa te na vidyate, "for whom is thy wealth being
prepared? thou hast no son."

vaa-vaatha va=vaa-vaa, e.g.bharttaa me 'pi m.rto
vaapi jiivito vaatha vaa puna.h, "whether my husband
is dead or is alive."

Verb

1. Tenses and Moods. --Present: (a) 2 s.=imp. 2
s., e.g. sambodhau vyaakaro.si tva.m yaacayaamiity aha.m
prabho, " do thou prophesy the complete
enlightenment: thus I beseech thee, lord." (b) 2 p. =
imp. 2 p.(3), e.g. bhik.sava.h pa`sya yuuyam api tathaa
`s.r.notha, "O monks, look! do ye also listen thus."
(c)3 s. = imp. 3 s. e.g. me raksa janaka ka`scid
aagacchati tvadiirita.h, "protect mem, father; let one
come sent by thee." (d) maa with the 2 s. is used for
prohibition (3), e.g. maa vadasiid.r`sa.m vaaca.m maa krodha.m
sahasaa vraja, "speak not thus; become not suddenly
wroth"; ti.s.tha maa bhiitaasi, "stay, be not afraid."

Imp.: (a) 2 s.= 2 p. (14), e.g. `s.r.nu.sva
bhik.supu.mgavaa.h, bhik.sava.h pa`sya yuuyam api tathaa
`s.r.notha. (b) 3 s. = 2 s. (8), e.g. tathaa tva.m
samudramadhye pa~ncatvam upagacchatu, "so mayest thou
die in the middle of the sea"; taata tebhyah pariitaani
dadaatu, "father, give them the pieces." (c) 3 p. = 2
p. pres., e.g. k.sipra.m palaayata yadi

p. 298

na palaayata na`syata, "go quickly; if you do not go
you will perish."

Optative: maa is the negative (frequent), e.g.
tasmaat kaara.naan maa kheda.m kaarayet pitaraav api,
"therefore let a man not distress his parents";
manasaapi maa cintayet,'' let a man not think in his
heart."

Future: (a) 2 s. = 2 S. imp., e.g. svapna.m
daasyasi me naatha asti naasty atha vaa mune, "give me a
dream, lord, to say whether he lives or not." (b) ma
with the 3 p. i, used for prohibition, e.g. voo maa
anartha.m kari.syanti, "let them do you no harm." (c) =
the optative, e.g. bhik.savo yadi mriyadhva.m tathaapi
na yu.smabhya.m dadaamy api paaniiya.m ghato me uuno
bhavi.syati, ".. my jar would not be sufficient."

2. Participles.--Past participle passive: (u) is
used actively with all verbs (54) , while the
participle in -tavat is used actively only about
twenty times. e.g. tathaaivaanyalokaapy uktaah, "thus
other people spoke"; iti cintita.h, "thus he thought";
sa punar api d.r.sta.h, "he saw again." The
auxiliary abhuut is frequently added, e.g.
.sa.tpaaramitaah pratilabdho 'bhuut, "he received the ten
perfections"; vihaara.m kaarito 'bhuut, "he had a hall
built." The following participles are thus used
actively: antarddhaapita apaharita abhilaa.sita
avadhaarita avicaarita avidita aaniita aarabdha aaropita
ukta upaasitu utpaadita kathita kaarita k.rta carita
cintita chaadita. j~naata tiirnna dar`sita d.r.sta
nimantrita nirmmaapita niryyaatita puujita p.r.sta
pra.naamita pratipaadita pratilabdha pra`sa.msita praapta
pre.sita bhagnita bhinna bhukta maanita labdha
vismaarita `sruta sa.mvar.n.nita sa.mtarppita sa.mto.sita
sambhaa.sita subhaa.sita.

(b) The neut.s. with active sense is used with a
sing. or plur., masc., neut., or fem. subject. The
subject is (i) masc.s. (13), e.g. sa mayaapi dar`saana.m
na praapta.m Bhagavaan, "Bhagavat was not seen by me";
`sre.s.thii--pra.nidhaana.m k.rta.m, "the guild-president
made a vow ";

p. 299

once this construction is used with passive sense, sa
kenaapi avicaarita.m, "he was not noticed by anyone."
The auxiliary abhuut is sometimes added. (ii) Fem.s.,
e.g. sa -- pa.taka.m--k.sipta.m, " she threw the cloth."
(iii) Dual, e.g. naav adya labdha.m suvi`suddha cak.su.h,
"to-day have we two gained sight"; ku`salavihiinau - -
anna.m na praapta.m, "bereft of merit they did not
obtain food." (iv) Masc.p. (4), e.g. te--sa.mtartum
aarabdham, "they began to cross "; te bhik.savas tad
anna.m na bhukta.m, "the monks did not eat the food."
Cf.the use of the neut.s. of the gerundive(3), e.g.
buddhaa bhik.savo yamakaalena na bhoktavyam, "Buddhist
monks must not eat at the season of Yama." (v)
Neut.p., e.g. braahma.nasahasraani--srotaapattiphala.m
saak.saat k.rta.m, "thousands of braahmans made manifest
the fruit of conversion." It should be noted that of
these twenty examples, twelve have an object in the
acc. neut. s., four in the acc. masc. or fem. s.,
while four have no object.

The active participle in -tavat is used passively
(6), e,g. Ratnamatitikhyaatavaan, "called Ratnamati";
Bhagavaan mahataa satkaare.na puujitavaan, "Bhagavat was
honoured with great reverence."

The gerundive in -tavya is active (5), e.g. ye ye
tathaagatam arcanaabhilaa.sajanaas tasmi.m ma.n.dale
'rcuyitavyaa.h, "whatever people desire to worship the
Tathagata, let them worship in this circle" tasmaad
bhiksavas tathaagatesu kaaraapayitavyaa.h, "therefore, O
monks, you must do honour to Tathaagatas."

3. Voice.--Active: (a) for middle in bhaa.santam,
ramati ramanti ramata.h; (b) for passive with the
verbs cint dar`saya pra-muc v.rj, e.g. niicena mahataa
caapi kula- dharmma.m na varjayet, "the family law
should not be transgressed by small or great", tvayaa
--cintayati, " it is thought by thee."

Middle: (a) for active in kathayasva `s.r.nudhva.m;
(b) for passive in the present stem with the verbs
pra-bhuj vi-.skabh saadh bhaas gad `saapaya, e.g. kasmai

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saadhayate dravyam putro vaa te na vidyate, "for whom
is thy wealth being prepared? thou hast no son"; yena
yena k.rtam ka.rmma.m tena tena prabhu~njate, "by
whomsoever a deed is done, by him it is enjoyed."

Passive: for active in the verbs j~naa (3) ram
aaropaya ci, e.g. sukhadu.hkha.m ca sarve.saa.m katha.m
na j~naayase n.rpa, "how dost thou not recognize, O king,
the joy and sorrow of all?"; aagaccha ramyaamahe,
"come, let us make love."

4. Concord. -- (a) A singular subject is followed
by a plural verb, e.g. tvatkiirttir yaavat sa.msaaras
ti.s.thati taavat ti.s.theyu.h, "may thy fame extend as far
as existence extends." (b) A dual subject is followed
by a singular verb, e.g. tasya dvau putraav asti, "he
has two sons." (c) A plural subject is followed by a
singular verb (7), e.g. taa arci.so--antarhito 'bhuut,
"the rays were hidden";sarvajanakaayaa.h--sarvabhik.suga.naan
--nimantrito 'bhuut, "all the people entertained all t
he monks."

5. The following causative formations are used in
the same sense as the simple verb (33): anu`saasayati
abhiprasaadayati abhilaa.sayati avarohayati aahvaayayati
uttaarayati utpaadayati upavaasayati upasamkraamayati
k.sobhayati naa`sayati nipatayati nipaatayati ni.skraamayati
paripaalayati pratiniv.rttayati pravayati pra`samsayati
bhak.sayati bhaasayati vikarttayati vidvesayati vismaarayati
`saapayati `saasayati `so.sayati sa.mhaarayati.

The Sentence

Constructions of sense as opposed to the strict
rules of grammer are frequent, e.g. `Sakrah --
saparivaaro--diva.m jagmu.h for--jagaama, mayaa
cakravarttii bhuutvaa--sukham anubhuuta.m for
cakravattinaa, yad yad abhipraayam tat tat tasyai
dattaani for datta.m.

Two constructions are confused: (a) sa naavikas
tatrc sthaatu.m mano na ramate, "the sailor does not
wish to remain there" (a confusion of tasya naavikasya
--mana.h

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and sa naavikas -- manasi); tata.h pratyaagate--kaala.m
gata.h, "then when he had returned he died(10). (b)
The sentene begins with an indeclinable participle
and omits the main verb, e.g. sa g.rhapatir--aahaaram
samupaadaaya vilepanaani ca || (c) Active and passive
constructions are confused, so that the instrumental
appears as the subject of an active verb (5), e.g.
kena cid g.rhasthena--tiirthikaan bhojita.h, "a certain
householder fed the heretics "; tayaa cetikayaa stuupe
puspany avaropayati, "the maid places the flowers on
the stupa." (d) The reverse of (c): a nominative
takes the place of an instrumental. e.g. Bhagavaan
dharmmade`sanaa k.rtaa, "the law was expounded by
Bhagavat."

The use of the parenthesis is peculiar (5), e.g.
sa kaala.m k.rtvaa Kauravyaraaj~no mahi.sii tasyaah
kuk.saav upapanna.h, "when he died he entered the womb
of the wife of the king of the Kauravyas"; tatas
tasyaalpaayu.skaala.m, krtvaa `Sravastyaa.m mahaanagaryyaam
anyatamadharmma`siilanaama`sre.s.thii tasya prajaapatyaa.h
kuksav upapannah, "then dying young he entered the
womb of the wife of a guild-president named
Dharmmasila in the great city of `Sravasti."

Vocabulary

In the following lists I have inserted those
words also which occur else where only in Northern
Buddhist literature or in the lexicographers.

1. Peculiar meanings. aakula, n.confusion, crowded
adbhuta, n., astonishment. place.
adhik.rtya, c.gen., concerning. aabhoga, effort.
ananna, no food. aa`scaryya, n., miracle.
abhiipsita, desirable. uccheda=ucchinna; cf. up-
arhati is used impersonally. patti and prabodha.
avakirati, surround. ujvala, m., light.
avarohayati, avaropayati, get upacaaraka, servant.
on to, place on. upapatti=upapanna.

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uparodhaka, destroying. prayaati, give.
upek.saa, regard. praadurbhaava, manifest.
ullola, n., large wave. praajali, obeisance.
karpata, garment. bhiita, n., fear.
kalita, n., roar. manasikaara, love.
kaarayati, rule. mithyaa, falsehood.
kaaraa, act of worship. yati, whatever.
ku~ncita, controlled. ratnamaya, n., offering of
ko.s.thaagaara, bedroom. jewels.
cintaapara, thought. varaahaa`sva, ? stallion.
jana`suunya, n., empty place. vallarii, a particular kind of
jaanapada, country. musical instrument.
jiir.n.na, n., ruins. va`si, subjugation.
tapa, m., austerity. vaahinii, baggage animal.
taa.da, drum. viva`sa, n., independence.
tvak.sas, energy. `sara.na.m karoti, seek protection.
dar`saana.m praapnoti, be seen. sa.msad, presence.
dadaati, take. sa.mgata, n., collection.
durvaara, irresistible power. sampa`syati, make to appear.
du.sk.rta, infirmity. sahadharmma, marriage.
dhaanya, n., wealth. sarvathaa, at all times.
dhairya, wise. saa~njali, obeisance.
na para.m, but not. saahasa.m karoti, be excited.
niyataa, continuity. sukhastha, n., feeling of happi-
pataka, n., cotton cloth. ness
paralokavat, of the next sudullabha, very hard to be
world. imitated.
parinivarttate, return. surabhi, perfume.
paryankam aabhavati, take up sauhaarda, n., friend.
a squatiing position. styaana, n., sloth.
piita, n., beverage. svastha, m., health.
pu.nyaatman, m., the state of
being virtuous. 2. Peculiar words.
pauru.seya, retainer. akuk.sa, past child-bearing.
prak.rti, image. agnimatha, m. or n., stove.
pratig.rh.naati, forgive. acetanii, adj. f., delirious.
pratibhaana, splendour. ajaanaka, ? infant.
pratisara, daybreak. atikle`sita, very sinful.
prabodha, enlightened. atit.r.saa, great thirst.

p. 303

atiprasaadayati,be very joyful gu.dagu.daayate, rumble.
atyadhika.m, very much. g.rddha, vulture.
atyabhiruupa, very beautiful. jaambuunadaak.sa, name of a
atyaa`scaryya, very wonderful. flower.
adhivaasana, ? pertinacity. taripanya, n., ferry money.
adhyaa`saya, having at heart. tuu.s.nii=tusnim.
adhyaa`sayati, rule. tripadak.si.na, n., three pra-
ani~njamaana, unmoving. daksinas.
apadak.saya, n., purificaion. tripradak.si.niikaroti, make the
apaharitaa, the state of being three pra.
carried away. durbaudha, foolish.
apratisama, incomparable. dvaribhavati, be at the
abaadhataa, freedom from annoy- door.
ance. dhaatvaavaropana=dhatvava.
abhinive`sana, n., the act of nitya`sa.h, always.
dwelling. nir.n.na.s.ta, destroyed.
abhiprabhaa, splendour. ni.spa.msaka, free from every
abhibodhana, enlightenment. thing contemptible.
alpaayutva, short life. ni.spratikaara=nisprati.
avadhiiryyatha, 2 p. imp. act., pratipra`sradha, ? converted
have courage; ? dhira. prabhak.sati, feed.
a`sktatva, lack of power. praade`sikama.n.dalin, ruler of a
aak.saalita, washed. district.
aagarjita, puffed up. praabhinandati, rejoice.
aadika.m, to begin with. praavi.skaroti, make manifest.
aapa, quantity of water. balasthaa, strength.
aaraagayati, love. bhaa.n.daagaarin, treasurer.
aavar.n.nanaa, description. bhiitaa, fear.
aasvasthaa, illness. ma.n.dalinaraajan, chieftain of
ka`smiira`siila, ? saffron. a small district.
kaamamithyaa, incest. mahaanaagiivi.sa, a particular kind
kaarttikapuur.n.namaa`si, f., name of snake.
of a month. mahaanu`sa.msaa, verses in praise
ku.s.thaavi.s.ta, leprosy. of a particular virtue, usually
k.r.s.naaparaajita, name of a at the end of an avadana.
plant. maasi, f., month.
k.sayatva, n., destruction. yatha = yatha.
k.saudra, n., honey. yoni`sah, thoroughly.
kha~njaka, limping. raatryaatyayaat=ratryaty.

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va.nija, merchant. samaadara, great reverence.
Vapu.smadaavadaana=Vapu.s- sampariga.nayati, consider.
madava. sampratibodhikii, enlightening.
viti=viiti. samprativaara.na, protection
vidyuttana, lightning. against.
viraagayati, dislike. sambuddhatva, n., perfect
vi.sada, dejection. Buddhahood.
vihelaa, wantonness. sambubhuk.sita, hungry.
ve`smataa, dwelling. su.s.tukara, good fortune.