Tradition and Development

·期刊原文
Tradition and Development in the Mo-ho-sng-ci-lŸ

by Kang-yuan Sung

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRAGUATE STUDIES

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS

DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES

CALGARY, ALBERTA

JUNE, 1999

Ó Kang-yuan Sung 1999

THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

The undersigned certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance, a thesis entitled “Tradition and Development in the Mo-ho-sng-ch’i-lŸ” submitted by Kang-yuan Sung in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts.

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Supervisor, Dr. A. W. Barber (Religious Studies)

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Dr. Leslie Kawamura (Religious Studies)

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Dr. Lloyd Sciban (Faculty of General Studies)
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Date

Abstract

The establishment of the MahŒsŒµghika tradition generally has been based on three theories. However, because each theory reflects the view of a certain tradition, without a close examination of the MahŒsŒµghika texts any criticism would remain partial. In order to present the MahŒsŒµghika tradition through a study of its vinaya text, the Mo-ho-sng-ch’i-lŸ (MahŒsŒµghika-vinaya), the traditional value of vinaya will be illustrated in view of six divisions. Further, the development of the MahŒsŒµghika-vinaya will be examined by means of a three-tiered structure of the DharmŒnudharma Ñ dharma, varga (chapter), and vinaya mŒt¨kŒs (disciplinary topics). This thesis argues that when an uddŒna incorporating vinaya mŒt¨kŒs is found to be archaic, it can be assumed that the structure of the DharmŒnudharma appears earlier than that of the Skandhaka in the other Buddhist traditions, and thus provides an alternative view regarding the development of a vinaya text.

Acknowledgements

The successful completion of my MA program can be credited to the encouragement and help that I have received from all of the members in the Department of Religious Studies, my teachers and friends, at the University of Calgary. Many people have been involved in my education and in bringing me to the gate of this degree; therefore, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my ninety-nine spiritual teachers, one hundred and twenty-three school teachers, and countless friends in America, Canada, China, Japan, Korea, and Sri Lanka.

During the past four years, Dr. A.W. Barber has served as my supervisor. Without his supervision, my academic pursuit would have remained nothing more than a dream. For his supervisory activities, I express my deepest thanks. It was Professor Anne Moore who taught me that sharing with others the experience of writing a successful research paper would be the best way to express appreciation to a teacher who served as the instructor during the writing experience. I wish to thank Dr. Morny Joy for her patience with me when I visited her seven times to complete a mere seven page paper. Finally, I wish to acknowledge Dr. Leslie Kawamura’s influence on me as a teacher and mentor. As a teacher, he treated my Masters thesis as seriously as he would treat his own work. As a mentor, he guided me to take notice of the differences between cultures, in human relationships and in textual analysis.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval Page ................................................................................................…......... ii

Abstract ...................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... iv

Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ v

Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ viii

Prolegomenon ............................................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER ONE: A GENERAL SURVEY OF THE MAHîSîÈGHIKA LINEAGE

AND ITS VINAYA TEXT (MO-HO-SÊNG-CH'I-L†) ................... 12

1.A. Disciplinary Leniency ................................................................... 14

1.A.1 The Identification of the MahŒsaµg´tikas with the MahŒsŒµghikas . 16

1.A.2 Accepting Currency by the MahŒsŒµghikas ................................. 22

1.B. Five Points Raised by MahŒdeva ..................................................... 27

1.C. The Expansion of the Vinaya ........................................................... 30

1.D. Observations from the MahŒsŒµghika-vinaya Regarding its Tradition and

Development .................................................................................................. 32

CHAPTER TWO: THE TRADITIONAL VALUE OF THE VINAYA

IN THE MO-HO-SÊNG-CH'I-L† ................................................ 38

2.0 Introductory Remark ...................................................................... 38

2.1 Harmony .................................................................................... 44

2.2 Calmness .................................................................................... 47

2.3 Purity ....................................................................................... 50

2.4 Promulgation for Others .................................................................. 54

2.5 Spiritual Cultivation for Oneself ........................................................ 56

2.6 The Utmost ................................................................................ 60

CHAPTER THREE: THE DEVELOPMENT IN THE MO-HO-SÊNG-CH'I-L† .... 64

3.A. Search for the Disciplinary Topics (Vinaya MŒt¨kŒ) ............... 66

3.B. The Structural Analysis of the Miscellanea-dharma and Deportment-dharma .. 82

3.B.1 The Review of Two Theories of the Evolution of the Skandhaka 83

3.B.2 Two General Issues of the Skandhaka ............................. 91

3.B.3 The Analysis of the DharmŒnudharma in the MahŒsŒµghika-vinaya 99

3.B.3.A. The Miscellanea-dharma ..................................................... 99

3.B.3.B. The Deportment-dharma ................................................... 110

3.B.3.C. The Interpretation of the DharmŒnudharma ........... 116

3.B.3.D. The Characteristics of the DharmŒnudharma

in the MahŒsŒµghika Text .............................................................. 122

3.B.3.D.1 Varga: Athematic Characteristic ............................... 123

3.B.3.D.2 Grouping Tendency .................................................... 125

3.B.3.D.2.1 The Illustrations of Forming a Chapter ......................... 128

3.B.3.D.2.1.a. The Formation of the Chapter

on Miscellaneous Topics .............................................. 128

3.B.3.D.2.1.b. The Formation of the Chapter on the Nuns .............. 129

3.B.3.D.2.2 The Analysis of the Grouping Tendency

in the MahŒsŒµghika-vinaya ............................................ 132

3.B.3.D.2.2.a. Grouping Tendency (a): Receiving the Higher

Ordination .............................. 135

3.B.3.D.2.2.b. Grouping Tendency (b): Treating Transgressions ....... 137

3.B.3.D.2.2.c. Grouping Tendency (c): Reciting the PrŒtimok·a 138

3.B.3.D.2.2.d. Grouping Tendency (d): Previous Cases of

Treating Vinaya ...................... 140

3.B.3.D.2.3 A Synopsis of Grouping Tendency .......................... 144

3.B.4 Epilogue ............................................................................. 146

Conclusion .................................................................................. 149

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................... 156

Abbreviations
Comparative Study: W. Pachow, A Comparative Study of the PrŒtimok·a. Santiniketan, India: The Sino-Indian Cultural Society, 1955.

fasc: fascicle, a unit in the Chinese text.

p. 28~7: page twenty-eight, line 7.

PTS: PŒli Text Society.

Ritsuz¯: Akira Hirakawa, Ritsuz¯ no kenkyè (The Study of VinayapiÊaka). Tokyo: Sankibo Busshorin, 1960.

T or Taish¯ (see note 1): Taish¯ Shinshè Daiz¯ky¯ (The Chinese TripiÊaka). Ed. Junjir¯ Takakusu and Kaikyoku Watanabe. 1924. 100 vols. Tokyo: Taish¯ shinshè daizoky¯ kanko kai, 1962 reprint.

The Earliest Vinaya: Erich Frauwallner, The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings of Buddhist Literature. Serie Orientale Roma. Vol. 8. Roma: Instituto per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, 1956.

YŸan-shih: Ven. Yin-shun, YŸan-shih-fu-chiao-shng-tien-chih-chi-ch’ng (The Compilation of the Scriptures in Early Buddhism). Rev. 2nd ed. Taipei: Chng Wn, 1991.

PROLEGOMENON CHAPTER ONE CHAPTER TWO CHAPTER THREE CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY